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  "author": "Jeroen Hoekendijk (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea 
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  "author": "Jeroen Hoekendijk (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea 
            
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Research)",
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Research)",
            
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  "author_email": "jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl",
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  "author_email": "jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl",
            
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  "code": "7b.b.3d",
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  "code": "7b.b.3d",
            
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  "contributor": "Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research 
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  "contributor": "Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research 
            
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(NIOZ)",
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(NIOZ)",
            
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  "creator_user_id": "01dd85cd-10cd-4be7-bf97-576192ec95d8",
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  "creators": 
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  "creators": 
            
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Hoekendijk\",\"orcid\":\"0000-0002-9308-7429\",\"affiliation\":\"Royal 
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Hoekendijk\",\"orcid\":\"0000-0002-9308-7429\",\"affiliation\":\"Royal 
            
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Netherlands Institute for Sea 
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Netherlands Institute for Sea 
            
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uthor\":true,\"contactemailaddress\":\"jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl\"}]",
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uthor\":true,\"contactemailaddress\":\"jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl\"}]",
            
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  "dataset_persistent_id": "DOI:10.25850/nioz/7b.b.3d",
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  "dataset_persistent_id": "DOI:10.25850/nioz/7b.b.3d",
            
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  "deposit_date": "2023-02-02",
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  "deposit_date": "2023-02-02",
            
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  "depositor": "Jeroen Hoekendijk (jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl)",
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  "depositor": "Jeroen Hoekendijk (jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl)",
            
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  "distribution_date": "2023-02-02",
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  "distribution_date": "2023-02-02",
            
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  "distributor": "Research Data Management(NIOZ Royal Netherlands 
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  "distributor": "Research Data Management(NIOZ Royal Netherlands 
            
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Institute for Sea Research)",
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Institute for Sea Research)",
            
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  "doi_date_published": "2023-02-02T11:05:58.3729079",
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  "doi_date_published": "2023-02-02T11:05:58.3729079",
            
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  "groups": [],
            
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  "license_title": null,
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  "license_title": null,
            
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  "maintainer": "Jeroen",
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  "maintainer": "Jeroen",
            
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  "maintainer_email": "jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl",
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  "maintainer_email": "jeroen.hoekendijk@nioz.nl",
            
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  "metadata_created": "2024-10-22T11:51:12.520226",
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  "metadata_created": "2024-10-22T11:51:12.520226",
            
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  "metadata_modified": "2026-07-21T12:58:31.473515",
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  "metadata_modified": "2026-07-21T12:59:56.734104",
            
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  "name": "social-distancing-seals",
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  "name": "social-distancing-seals",
            
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  "notes": "Many species aggregate in dense colonies. Species-specific 
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  "notes": "Many species aggregate in dense colonies. Species-specific 
            
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spatial patterns provide clues about how colonies are shaped by 
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spatial patterns provide clues about how colonies are shaped by 
            
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various (a-)biotic factors, including predation, temperature 
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various (a-)biotic factors, including predation, temperature 
            
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regulation, or disease transmission. Using aerial imagery, we examined 
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regulation, or disease transmission. Using aerial imagery, we examined 
            
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these patterns in colonies on land of two sympatric seal species: the 
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these patterns in colonies on land of two sympatric seal species: the 
            
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harbour seal and grey seal. Results show that the density of grey 
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harbour seal and grey seal. Results show that the density of grey 
            
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seals on land is twice as high as that of harbour seals. Furthermore, 
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seals on land is twice as high as that of harbour seals. Furthermore, 
            
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the nearest neighbour distance (NND) of harbour seals (median = 1.06 
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the nearest neighbour distance (NND) of harbour seals (median = 1.06 
            
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m) is significantly larger than that of grey seals (median = 0.53 m). 
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m) is significantly larger than that of grey seals (median = 0.53 m). 
            
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When the observed seal locations were shuffled slightly through 
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When the observed seal locations were shuffled slightly through 
            
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spatial simulation, the frequency of the smallest NNDs (0-25 cm) 
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spatial simulation, the frequency of the smallest NNDs (0-25 cm) 
            
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increased, while the most frequently observed NNDs decreased, implying 
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increased, while the most frequently observed NNDs decreased, implying 
            
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that both species actively display social distancing. As harbour seals 
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that both species actively display social distancing. As harbour seals 
            
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are more prone to infectious diseases, we hypothesize that the larger 
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are more prone to infectious diseases, we hypothesize that the larger 
            
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NNDs might be a behavioural response to reduce pathogen transmission. 
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NNDs might be a behavioural response to reduce pathogen transmission. 
            
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The observed differences in spatial patterns can be used as a 
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The observed differences in spatial patterns can be used as a 
            
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practical tool to differentiate between harbour and grey seals in 
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practical tool to differentiate between harbour and grey seals in 
            
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remote sensing applications, particularly in low to medium resolution 
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remote sensing applications, particularly in low to medium resolution 
            
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imagery (e.g., satellite imagery), where morphological characteristics 
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imagery (e.g., satellite imagery), where morphological characteristics 
            
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alone are insufficient to differentiate between species.",
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alone are insufficient to differentiate between species.",
            
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  "subject": "Earth and Environmental Sciences",
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      "display_name": "nearest neighbour distance",
            
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      "name": "nearest neighbour distance",
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      "name": "nearest neighbour distance",
            
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      "display_name": "phoca vitulina",
            
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      "name": "phoca vitulina",
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      "name": "phoca vitulina",
            
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      "state": "active",
            
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      "display_name": "remote sensing",
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      "display_name": "remote sensing",
            
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      "id": "729c8388-fbf9-449c-932c-76e2f869fd39",
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      "name": "remote sensing",
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      "state": "active",
            
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    }
            
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  ],
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  ],
            
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  "title": "Social Distancing Seals",
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  "title": "Social Distancing Seals",
            
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  "type": "dataset",
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  "type": "dataset",
            
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  "url": "https://doi.org/10.25850/nioz/7b.b.3d",
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  "url": "https://doi.org/10.25850/nioz/7b.b.3d",
            
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  "version": "1"
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  "version": "1"
            
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}
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}